control of water pollution

Pollution in the form of organic
material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food cha Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially-treated wastewater to the municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems.

Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention.

Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be controlled with:

• cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by evaporation, convection, and radiation
• cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through evaporation and/or heat transfer
• cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.

in.

causes of water pollution

causes of water pollution
Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.
This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.
Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, wash off plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Unsophistication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respiration becomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic
material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.

Hearing impairment due to noise pollution

Hearing impairment or Deafness refers to conditions in which individuals are fully or partially unable to detect or perceive at least some frequencies of sound which can typically be heard by members of their species.[1] Use of the term impaired implies that deafness presents an inherent disadvantage to an animal, a view that is rejected within the Deaf culture movement, where the terms Deaf and hard of hearing are preferred.

Effects on animal and human health and psychology

Medical research on the effects of excessive light on the human body suggests that a variety of adverse health effects may be caused by light pollution or excessive light exposure, and some lighting design textbooksuse human health as an explicit criterion for proper interior lighting. Health effects of over-illumination or improper spectral composition of light may include: increased headache incidence, worker fatigue, medically defined stress, decrease in sexual function and increase in anxiety. Likewise, animal models have been studied demonstrating unavoidable light to produce adverse effect on mood and anxiety. For those who need to be awake at night, light at night also has an acute effect on alertness and mood.

Over-illumination stems from several factors:

Not using timers, occupancy sensors or other controls to extinguish lighting when not needed
Improper design, especially of workplace spaces, by specifying higher levels of light than needed for a given task
Incorrect choice of fixtures or light bulbs, which do not direct light into areas as needed
Improper selection of hardware to utilize more energy than needed to accomplish the lighting task
Incomplete training of building managers and occupants to use lighting systems efficiently
Inadequate lighting maintenance resulting in increased stray light and energy costs
"Daylight lighting" can be required by citizens to reduce crime or by shop owners to attract customers, so over-illumination can be a design choice, not a fault. In both cases target achievement is questionable.
Substitution of old mercury lamps with more efficient sodium or metal halide lamps using the same electrical power
Indirect lighting techniques, such as lighting a vertical wall to bounce photons on the ground.

Light pollution

Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environment (from those present naturally) due to man-made sources of light. Indoor light pollution is such alteration of light levels in the indoor environment due to sources of light, which compromises human health.Light pollution obscures the stars in the night sky for city dwellers, interferes with astronomical observatories, and, like any other form of pollution, disrupts ecosystems and has adverse health effects. Light pollution can be divided into two main types: annoying light that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low-light setting and excessive light (generally indoors) that leads to discomfort and adverse health effects. Since the early 1980s, a global dark-sky movement has emerged, with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution.

Environmental effects of noise pollution

Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals by causing stress, increasing risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator/prey detection and avoidance, and by interfering with their use of sounds in communication especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing.

An impact of noise on animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction. Noise pollution has caused the death of certain species of whales that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar.

Noise also makes species communicate louder, which is called Lombard vocal response. Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales' song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on. If creatures don't "speak" loud enough, their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species begins speaking louder, it will mask other species' voice, causing the whole ecosystem to eventually speak louder.

Noise health effects

Noise health effects are both health and behavioural in nature[citation needed]. The unwanted sound is called noise. This unwanted sound can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks.

Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by ageA comparison of Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss.
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure noted above as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease.

Noise pollution is also a cause of annoyance.

Health effects in relatively "clean" areas

Even in areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be large and costly. This is because effects can occur at very low levels and a large number of people can potentially breathe in such pollutants. Scientific study ozone concentrations will produce a $29 million in annual savings in the region in 2010This finding is based on health valuation of fatal mortality and sub-toxic effects.

Effects on children by air pollution

Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutants have the possibility of children living within them to develop asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections as well as a low initial birth rate. Protective measures to ensure the youths' health are being taken in cities where buses now use compressed natural gas to help eliminate the “pea-soup” smog. Research by the World Health Organization shows there is the greatest concentration of particulate matter particles in countries with low economic world power and high poverty and population rates. Those pollutants included: ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Because children are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution

Health effects

The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution. Many people die from cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution. . A study by the University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation between pneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents. Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies
The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics.

cause of environmental degradation:

Population
Population is an import tent source of development, yet it is a major source of environmental degradation when it exceeds the threshold limits of the support systems. Unless the relationship between the multiplying population and the life support system can be stabilized, development programmers, howsoever, innovative are not likely to yield desired results. Population impacts on the environment primarily through the use of natural resources and production of wastes and is associated with environmental stresses like loss of biodiversity, air and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land. In view of the linkages
between population and environment, a vigorous drive for population control need hardly be over emphasized.

Poverty
Poverty is said to be both cause and effect of environmental degradation. The circular link between poverty and environment is an extremely complex phenomenon. Inequality may foster unsustainability because the poor, who rely on natural resources more than the rich, deplete natural resources faster as they
have no real prospects of gaining access to other types of resources. Moreover, degraded environment can accelerate the process of impoverishment, again because the poor depend directly on natural assets. An acceleration in poverty
alleviation is imperative to break this link between poverty and the environment.

Urbanization
Lack of opportunities for gainful employment in villages and the ecological
stresses is leading to an ever increasing movement of poor families to towns. Mega cities are emerging and urban slums are expanding. There has been an eightfold increase in urban population over 1901-1991. During the past two decades of 1971-91, India’s urban population has doubled from 109 million to 218 million and
is estimated to reach 300 million by 2000 AD. Such rapid and unplanned expansion of cities has resulted in degradation of urban environment. It has widened the gap between demand and supply of infrastructural services such as energy, housing, transport, communication, education, water supply and sewerage and recreational amenities, thus depleting the precious environmental resource
base of the cities. The result is the growing trend in deterioration of air and water quality, generation of wastes, the proliferation of slum


Economic Factors
To a large extent, environmental degradation is the result of market failure, that
is, the nonexistent or poorly functioning markets for environmental goods and services. In this
context, environmental degradation is a particular case of consumption or production externalities reflected by divergence between private and social costs (or benefits). Lack of
well defined property rights may be one of the reasons for such market failure. On the other
hand, Market distortions created by price controls and subsidies may aggravate the achievement of environmental objectives. The level and pattern of economic development also affect the nature of environmental problems. India’s development objectives have consistently emphasized the promotion of policies and programmers for economic growth and social welfare.

Environmental degradation

Environmental degradation is a result of the dynamic inters play of socio-economic, institutional and technological activities. Environmental changes may be driven by many factors including economic growth, population growth , urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation. Poverty still remains a problem at the root of several environmental problems.

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. It is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High Level Threat Panel of the United Nations. Environmental degradation is of many types. When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted, environment is degraded. If vast improvements are made in human health, millions of people will be living longer, healthier lives than ever before. In these poorest regions of the world an estimated one in five children will not live to see their fifth birthday, primarily because of environment-related diseases. Eleven million children die worldwide annually, equal to the combined populations of Norway and Switzerland, and mostly due to malaria, acute respiratory infections or diarrhea — illnesses that are largely preventable.

Important of pollution management

(a) Publicity of environmental education, technology and resources.
(b) Control of degradaing environment.
(c) Political and administrative co-operative for pollution control
(d) Environmental of observation and people’s awareness.

(e) Pollution can be controlled by keeping the waste products of house, shops, hotel and industries in the tank or drain.
(f)) Soil erosion, flood, landslides,etc. constribute to the loss of soil and vegetation, it decreasas the productivity of crops.
(g)) Gaseous emission from industries the organisms living around and pollute the surrounding environment. It creates problems to the people.
(h)) Everybody can play an important role in care the environment clean and healthy.

pollution management

Air,water,soil,noise, biotic and solid waste pollution are rapidly increasing all over the world. It is threatening the survival of the people and the creatures living on the earth. It has been a big challenge before man to cope with this problems because it always produces negative effect which ultimately ruins the lif of man. No one escape from the negative effect caused by the increasing pollution. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt such measures are to be adopted which could easily control the growing pollution in different areas. Man is facing the most horrible crisis- the problem of pollution today. Hence, proper and efficient management is necessary to control pollution. Therefore, if proper and efficient management is done to control the pollution regularly with the co-operation of government sector and local bodies. Pollution could be checked to a large extent. This process is called pollution management.

mitigating of air pollution

(a) the transportation should be control
(b)if it is not control then it may create many problem
(c)it is the factor which is needed to be

causes of air pollution

(a) due to the over population the demand of people is more, which creates industrial evolution.
(b)urbanization is another factor which creates air pollution, constructional work is also ,
(c)due to the transportation harmful gases are coming out which mix up with environment Harmful gases like corbon dioxide, dust ,smokes e.t.c released from industries and vehicals pollute the air.
• Forest fire and dust generally pollutr the rular area.
• especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide.
•
• This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants.
• Other hydrocarbon also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality.
• Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols.
• Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide
• Smoke and carbon monoxide room
• Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates
• Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.
• Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle

Air pollution

Most essential things in our life is oxygen. for the survival we need air ,every plant, animal, botic needs air. due to the industrialization our environment is being polluted. for the growth of plants and animals pure air is needed which cointain mineral and lots more.
Air pollution is a disequilibrium condition of ambient air quality by the introduction of foreign elements from either anthropogenic or natural sources . in other world ,it is an atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that can product undesirable effects on man and his environment. This substance include gases like smoke, dust, sulpher oxide e.t.c . An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.
Limite to situtions in which the outer ambition atmosphere contains materials in concentrations ,which are harmful beings and their environment.

Measures to control noise pollution

(a)Plantation of trees on both sides of the road is to be done to control the sound of means of transportation.
(b)Industries and factories should be established far away from the human settlement and afforestation should be done.
©Noise pollution can be controlled by making a change in design and operation of machines and sound absorbing materials.
(d)The workers who works on noisy place can be provided with wearing devices as ear plugs and ear muffs.
(e)Silence zones must be created nearby schools, hospitals and unnecessary use of loudspeakers at public place should be avoided.
(f)Public must be aware and educated about noise nuisance through adequate news media, lectures and other pro grammes.
(g)Vehicles should be prohibited to use unnecessary horns.

Effects of noise pollution

(a)N oise disturbs rest and sleep and irritates the nervous man.
(b)Various physiological problems, blood pressure, increase in heart and breathing rate are commonly result of noise pollution.
©It can damage the ear’s net and the ear may not be able to hear.
(d)Noise pollution also affects the digestion.
(e)It causes the loss in working efficiency making people physically and mentally ill.